@article{ author = {MukhyapranaPrabhu, Manuru and MurthyKiran, Hasan Sreenivas and Palaian, Subish and Vidyasagar, Sudh}, title = {Recent Trends in the Management of Pulmonary Hypertension}, abstract ={Context. Pulmonary hypertension is a common clinical problem encountered in day-to-day practice. Drug therapy forms the backbone of management and appropriate drug selection is based upon the underlying causes. The options available are widening with availability of newer therapeutic agents and thus it becomes necessary to be updated with the recent developments. Objective. To review the existing data regarding the efficacy, tolerability and superiority of current drug options for pulmonary hypertension on the basis of the existing data and to provide an approach to manage a patient with pulmonary hypertension. Data Sources. A thorough search of the MICROMEDEX database, updated version of June 2004 was performed. The search also included the Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS), updated version of September 2003 search for relevant trials. Additional trials from MEDSCAPE were also included. A manual search of journals was also performed for indigenous studies done on the related area. Study Selection and Data Extraction. Search terms included pulmonary hypertension, newer drugs for pulmonary hypertension, secondary pulmonary hypertension and specific drug category. Studies were selected if efficacy, tolerability and superiority were reported as major outcome measures. The preference was given for the studies, which compared the superiority of drug(s) with that of other ones either with in, or different categories. Data Synthesis. Five categories of drugs were located with the exception of the miscellaneous ones. Each category had its own merits and demerits. Only prostaglandin analogs are available in the oral form and offers patient friendliness. There were no large randomized trials comparing the effects of these agents in large patient population. There were no placebo-controlled trials prior to 1999. There are few studies evaluating the long-term efficacy of the drugs mentioned so far and their effects on survival. However, these drugs appear promising. Conclusions. The current options for the drug therapy of pulmonary hypertension are increasing and the newer drugs show promising effects in the management of pulmonary hypertension.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {KumarDubey, Arun and Devi, Ahalya and Kutty, Gopalan and PathiyilShankar, Ravi}, title = {Hypolipidemic Activity of Standardized Ginkgo biloba Extract, EGb 761 in Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Cardiovascular diseases are becoming an increasing problem worldwide. Hypercholesterolemia has been implicated in causation of coronary heart disease. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein has been shown to be prevented by standardized Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761. Studies on the effect of Ginkgo biloba on serum lipid levels are lacking. Hence the present study was carried out to study the effect of EGb 761 on serum lipids in female wistar rats. The hypolipidemic effect was compared with a standard dose of lovastatin. The rats were divided into six groups of ten animals each. The first group was the normal control. The second group was given cholesterol (400 mg/kg) for 30 days. The third, fourth and fifth groups were given cholesterol and EGb 761 in the doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively. The sixth group was given lovastatin (7.2 mg/kg) in addition to cholesterol. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoproteins were measured on days 0, 15 and 30. Serum levels on days 15 and 30 were compared using students paired t-test (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in serum cholesterol in both the lovastatin and the EGb 761 treated groups. EGb 761 did not produce a significant change in serum triglyceride and high density lipoprotein levels. The animal model used had limitations and further studies are required.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Balasubramanian, Arul and Ramalingam, Kothai and Krishnan, Sureshkumar and Ajm, Christi}, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Morus indica Linn}, abstract ={Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Morus indica Linn. was studied in wistar rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Shankar, Pinakini K and Kumar, Vasanth and Rao, Namit}, title = {Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ginkgo biloba in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={The objective of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Ginkgo biloba and to probe into its mechanism of action. Methods. Albino wistar rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes were divided into 4 groups of 10 each. Gum acacia, troglitazone 36 mg/kg, Ginkgo biloba 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, were administered to group I (control), group II (standard), group III and group IV respectively. After 10 and 15 days of drug administration fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood glutathione (GSH) and serum ceruloplasmin were estimated. Results. Ginkgo biloba in a high dose of 100 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in FBS of 31% and increase in blood GSH (57.6%) that is however much less than the fall in FBS produced by troglitazone (47%). However treatment with troglitazone and Ginkgo biloba at both doses did not alter the serum ceruloplasmin levels significantly. Conclusion. The antidiabetic activity of Ginkgo biloba may be attributed to its antioxidant activity without having a role in metal ion mediated lipid peroxidation.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {16-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-47-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-47-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {LaxminarayanaBairy, Kurady and Jyothi, Rao and Kumar, Vasanth and BalachandraKumar, K}, title = {Cholinergic Receptor Sensitivity Following Pharmacological Modulation of the Immune System}, abstract ={Objective. To study the effect of immunomodulators on learning and memory and on cholinergic receptor sensitivity. Methods. Animals were initially treated for a period of 8 days with cyclosporine/levamisole/saline. They were then subjected to passive avoidance training and 48 hrs later, the retention test for the passive avoidance task was conducted. Twenty-four hours after the retention tests the animals were subjected to test for cholinergic receptor sensitivity. Oxotremorine was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.46, 1.84 or 4.61 mg/kg. Rectal temperature was recorded in all the animals before administration of oxotremorine and thereafter every 15 minutes for 120 minutes. Results. Levamisole exhibited an increased latency to enter the dark compartment as compared to the control rats during the retention test. This increased latency indicates a better retrieval of learned behavior and facilitation of learning and memory processes. On the other hand in the rats treated with cyclosporine, there is a decrease in passive avoidance retention suggesting an adverse effect on learning and memory. The administration of oxotremorine exhibited an enhanced hypothermia in levamisole treated group as compared to control group suggesting hyperactivity of the cholinergic system. On the other hand oxotremorine administration failed to produce significant hypothermia in cyclosporine treated group as compared to control suggesting hypo activity of the cholinergic system. Conclusion. Levamisole causes hyperactivity and cyclosporine causes hypo activity of central cholinergic system. Central cholinergic system hypo activity impairs and hyperactivity improves the learning and memory.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {20-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Swamy, Vrushabendra and Chandanam, Sridhar and Rao, Sreenivasa and Dhanapal, R and Balamuralidhar, V and Babu, Ashok}, title = {Antidiarrheal Evaluation of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Fruit Extracts}, abstract ={The methanolic extract of fruit of Benincasa hispida (BHFE) was evaluated for its antidiarrheal potential against several experimental models of diarrhea in rats. BHFE treated animals showed significant inhibi-tory activity against castor oil induced diarrhea and inhibited PGE2 induced enter pooling in rats. It also showed significant reduction in gastro intestinal motility following charcoal meal in rats. The result ob-tained and establishes the efficacy of BHFE as an antidiarrheal agent.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Rabbani, Syed Imam and Devi, Kshama and Zahra, Noor}, title = {Anti-Clastogenic Effects of Citral}, abstract ={Citral is a major constituent of Cymbopogon citratus or lemongrass oil. The anti-clastogenic effect of citral (20 mg/kg) was tested against the known mutagens cyclophoshamide, mitomycin-C and nickel metal (NiCl2) in mice. Micronucleus (MN) frequency was evaluated in both bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes. The sampling was done after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of clastogen treatment. Results show that citral had significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the frequency of MN induced by the three clastogens in bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {28-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Rajeshwar, Yerra and Gupta, Malaya and Mazumder, Upal Kanti}, title = {In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation and Antimicrobial Activity of Mucuna Pruriens Seeds}, abstract ={The present investigation is aimed to carry out the in vitro lipid peroxidation and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens (MEMP) (Family: Fabaceae) seeds. Lipid peroxidation was monitored by the change in optical density of the prepared concentrations (10-320 g/ml) and the % inhi-bition was calculated. Ascorbate/FeSO4-induced peroxidation was inhibited by standard antioxidants such as quercetin, L-ascorbic acid and MEMP. Moreover, the % inhibition of the methanol extract increased with increase in concentration. IC50 value for the MEMP, L-ascorbic acid and quercetin for lipid peroxida-tion was found to be 217.25 g/ml, 41 g/ml and 19.75 g/ml respectively. The antimicrobial activity of MEMP was determined by disc diffusion method with various Gram positive and Gram-negative microor-ganisms. MEMP showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms ex-cept Staphylococcus aureus ML 152 and Vibrae cholera 14035. The results obtained in the present study indicate that MEMP can be a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {32-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Ahmed, Syed Mansoor and Swamy, Vrushabendra and Gopkumar, P and Dhanapal, R}, title = {Anti-Diabetic Activity of Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaf Extracts in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={In view of suggested anti diabetic potential, effect of aqueous and cold extracts of Terminalia Catappa Linn (Combretaceae) leaves, on fasting blood sugar levels and serum biochemical analysis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. All the extracts of Terminalia Catappa produced a significant anti diabetic activity at dose levels of 1/5th of their lethal doses. Concurrent histological studies of the pan-creas of these animals showed regeneration by aqueous and cold extracts which were earlier necrosed by alloxan.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Zandieh, Tahereh and Banazadeh, Sodabeh}, title = {Evaluation of Aluminum Concentration in Albumin Products Prepared by Blood Fractionation}, abstract ={Human Serum albumin as well as other biological products prepared by blood fractionation for clinical purposes, was found to contain different amount of aluminum in different commercially available human albumin solutions. It has been reported that interaction of chemicals with the container material can occur during plasma collection, manufacture and storage, so aluminum is introduced into albumin products. Albumin solution is produced by Cohn fractionation. These solutions were analyzed and albumin content was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, using electrothermal atomizer (Graphite Furnace) and the aluminum concentration in final products and in-process fractions in 21 batch of albumin 20% and 8 batch of albumin 5% were investigated. Also the content of aluminum was determined after 3 months storage in glass container. We found that the aluminum content in all investigated containers had remarkably reduced during the fractionation process. Only in one stage the aluminum content has been increased, and it is probably due to the filters and other chemicals which are used to adjust pH and elec-trolyte concentration. On the other hand concentration may have an important role in increasing alumi-num content in this stage. Aluminum overload may result in development of some diseases, so indicating the need to monitor aluminum level in the albumin to avoid the potential hazard.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {40-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Dhanapal, R and Kavimani, S and Swamy, V and Gupta, Malaya and Basu, SK}, title = {Antisteroidogenic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) Whole Plant in Female Albino Mice Ovaries}, abstract ={Ethanol (90%) extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) whole plant (EEAB) was evaluated for possible antister-oidogenic activity in mature female mice ovaries. The ethanol extract at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (i.p) arrested the normal estrus cycle at dioestrus phase and significantly decreased weight of ovaries. The cholesterol and ascorbic acid content in ovaries were significantly elevated in treated mice. The extract also significantly inhibited the activity of ?5-3-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (?5-3-HSD) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), the two key enzymes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. Results of this study suggested that the ethanol extract of whole plant of Ammania baccifera (L.) acts as an antisteroidogenic agent.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Rajeshwar, Yerra and Gupta, Malaya and Mazumder, Upal Kanti}, title = {Antitumor Activity and In Vivo Antioxidant Status of Mucuna Pruriens (Fabaceae) Seeds against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice}, abstract ={The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antitumor effect and antioxidant role of Mucuna pruriens (Family: Fabaceae) against EAC bearing Swiss albino mice. The effect of methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens (MEMP) on tumor growth and hosts survival time was studied by the following parameters: tu-mor volume, packed cell volume, viable and non-viable cell count and life span of the host. MEMP was administered at a 125 and 250mg/kg b.w. once a day for 14 days, after 24 h of tumor inoculation. Decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume, and viable cell count were observed in MEMP treated ani-mals when compared to EAC treated animals. Treatment with MEMP at a dose of 125 and 250mg/kg increased the mean survival time to 29.5 0.55 and 34 0.2 days respectively. The extract also decreased the body weight of the EAC tumor bearing mice. Hematological studies reveal that the Hb content was decreased in EAC treated mouse, whereas restoration to near normal levels was observed in extract treated animals. There was a significant decrease in RBC count and increase in WBC counts in extract treated animals when compared to EAC treated animals. The study was also extended to estimate the liver biochemical parameters such as LPO, GSH, and antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT etc. Treatment with MEMP decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results suggest that the methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds exhibits significant antitumor and antioxidant effects in EAC bearing mice.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {46-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Ahmed, Mohamad Ibrahim and Afifi, Mohamad Ismael and HamdyYounos, Ibrahim}, title = {Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil&#039;s Claw): A Possible Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent (An Experimental Study)}, abstract ={Extract of Harpagophytum procumbens (devil&#039;s claw) has become the focus of research as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis and pain due to its favorable side effects profile compared to synthetic alternatives. This superior safety of treatment is very valuable, especially in view of that in mandatory long duration of therapy in chronic diseases. None of NSAIDs is ideal in controlling or modifying the signs and symptoms of inflammation, particularly in the common inflammatory joint diseases. Many studies evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Harpagophytum procumbens with inconsistent and contradictory results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Harpagophytum procumbens on both acute and chronic inflammatory processes in rats and pain responses in mice. In addition, its safety on gastric and duodenal mucosa was evaluated histopathologically. Eighty rats of both sexes weighing 150-200 g each and twenty-four mice of both sexes weighing 25-30 grams each, were used in this work. For a pharmacological study, these animals were classified for induction of the different experimental models. The acute model of inflammation includes Carrageenan-induced rat back-paw edema test. The chronic models of inflammation include Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. The analgesic model includes writhing test in mice. A biochemical study was done on the Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test group. Blood samples were taken for measuring acute phase proteins; C-reactive protein and serum albumin, and serum cortisol. Histopathological assessment of gastric and duodenal mucosa for the effect of Harpagophytum procumbens in comparison with the effect of indomethacin was done in the Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test group. In Carrageenan-induced rat back-paw edema test; Carrageenan sub-plantar injection in right back-paw in rats induced highly significant increase in paw thickness (p = 0.001). Harpagophytum procumbens pre-treatment induced highly significant reduction (p = 0.001) in right back-paw thickness, an effect similar to indomethacin. In Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test; Freund`s adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats induced highly significant increase in paw thickness of rats (p = 0.001), significant decrease in serum cortisol (p = 0.05), highly significant decrease in serum albumin (p = 0.001) and significant increase in C-reactive protein (p = 0.05). Harpagophytum procumbens and indomethacin administration caused insignificant effects on these parameters and caused only significant reduction of paw thickness (p = 0.05). In cotton pellet-induced, granuloma test; Harpagophytum procumbens and indomethacin intra-peritoneal administration in cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats caused a reduction of inflammation manifested by marked and highly significant decrease of cotton pellet weight (p = 0.001). In Writhing test in mice, Harpagophytum procumbens and acetyl salicylic acid had an analgesic effect manifested by highly significant reduction in the number of writhing reactions (p = 0.001). The results of the histopathological study revealed the greater safety of Harpagophytum procum-bens on GIT mucosa in comparison to the more injurious effect of indomethacin as a NSAID.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Murugesh, Kanda Samy and ChannabasappaYeligar, Veerendra and Maiti, Bhim Charan and KumarMaity, Tap}, title = {Hepato Protective and Antioxidant Role of Berberis tinctoria lesch Leaves on Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats}, abstract ={The scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used in the preparation of folk remedies has provided modern medicine with effective pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases. The methanol extract of Berberis tinctoria Lesch (Berberidaceae) leaves was investigated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects on paracetamol (750 mg/kg) induced acute liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Hepatoprotection activity was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase and serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total protein. The methanol extract of Berberis tinctoria (MEBT) at the doses of (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/Kg) produced significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin and lipid peroxidation while it significantly increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), catalyse (CAT) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) in a dose dependant manner. The effects of MEBT were comparable to that of standard drug silymarin. These results suggest that MEBT may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of some liver disorders, probably by its antioxidative effect on hepatocytes.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {64-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-38-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-38-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Sabitha, Panamboor and PrabhaAdhikari, Matti and Kuruvilla, Mari}, title = {Hyper Pigmentation of the Skin following Chloroquine Treatment Case Series Report}, abstract ={In this article, we are collectively presenting case reports of 15 patients who developed pigmentary changes of the skin and mucus membrane during the course of chloroquine therapy for connective tissue disorders. These female patients developed hyper pigmentation of the skin, largely on the exposed parts of the body. The pigmentary changes varied from brownish/ grayish/ bluish-black in color, patchy or diffuse, intense or mild. The shortest time lag between onset of chloroquine therapy and development of pigmentary changes was 3 months. The patients should be informed about this cosmetically important toxic effect of chloroquine and advised to avoid direct exposure to sunlight.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {70-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-37-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-37-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Mahmoudian, Massou}, title = {Sildenafil Determination in Various Matrices: A Review}, abstract ={Determination of sildenafil by various methods and in various media is reviewed in this paper. The methods used consist of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods were used to determine the amount of sildenafil in pharmaceutical preparations, soft drinks, and biological liquids. HPLC was used for evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters of sildenafil. It is concluded that HPLC is the most reliable and applicable method in this regard.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {72-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Jamir, Chubasangla and ChandraDebnath, Shiben and KumarDas, Shyamal and KumarChakraborty, Animesh and KumarMondal, Tap}, title = {Effect of Carbontetrachloride-Induced Hepatopathy on the Disposition Kinetics of Closantel in Goats}, abstract ={Clinically healthy adult black Bengal female goats were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of closantel following intravenous administration (10 mg/kg) both in healthy and in liver damaged goats. Induction of liver damage was done by subcutaneous injection of carbontetrachloride at 0.75 mL/kg on three occasion at 48 h interval. After administration of drug, blood samples were collected in heparinized test tubes at pre-determined time. The drug concentration in plasma was measured by double beam UVVis spectrophotometer at 222 nm. In vitro plasma protein binding of closantel was also carried out. Cmax (118.82 4.85 mg/mL) and Cmin (4.69 0.72 mg/mL) of closantel were recorded at 0.08 and 48 h respectively after i.v. administration to healthy goats, while the above values were 144.67 2.50 and 3.93 0.05 mg/mL at 0.08 and 48 h respectively in liver damaged goats. The tb, ClB and Vdarea values were 12.92 1.30 h, 0.008 0.0005 L/kg/h and 0.15 0.01 L/kg respectively in healthy goats, while these values were 12.84 0.38 h, 0.008 0.001 L/kg/h and 0.16 0.005 L/kg respectively in liver damaged goats. Binding capacity and association rate constant of closantel were not altered significantly in liver damaged animal compared to healthy animal. Liver damaged condition did not alter significantly the pharmacokinetic parameters of closantel.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {76-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Falahati, Mehraban and OmidiTabrizib, Nasim and Jahaniani, Fereshteh}, title = {Anti Dermatophyte Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Comparison with Griseofulvin}, abstract ={Methanolic leaf extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were investigated for in vitro antifungal activities against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton rubrum, Tricophyton schoenleinii, Tricophyton mentagrophytes and Epedermophyton floccosum. The studies were carried out using broth dilution method, agar dilution method and inhibitory zone estimation. The effects of the plant extract were compared with those of griseofulvin. Eucalyptus camaldulensis showed antifungal activity against all the dermatophytes tested with MIC values ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 mg/mL using inhibitory zone estimation, 0.4-1.6 mg/mL using agar dilution method and 0.2 to 1.6 mg/mL using broth dilution method. The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extracts ranged from 0.8 to 6.4 mg/mL. The results obtained suggest that E. Camaldulensis has anti-dermatophyte activity.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {80-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-68-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-68-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Maiti, Kuntal and Mukherjee, Kakali and Gantait, Arunava and NazeerAhamed, Haja and Saha, Bishnu Pada and KumarMukherjee, Pulok}, title = {Enhanced Therapeutic Benefit of QuercetinPhospholipid Complex in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats: A Comparative Study}, abstract ={Quercetin is a typical flavonoid with diverse biological effects, attributable to its free radical scavenging activity. Bioavailability of quercetin aglycone and its glycosides is an important factor for its antioxidant activity in vivo. A severe limitation exists and is imputable to very poor absorption of quercetin when administered orally. To overcome this limitation, development of a value added herbal formulation in combination with phospholipids has been made which has better absorption and utilization profiles. Free radical scavenging activity of quercetinphospholipid complex (equivalent to quercetin 10mg and 20 mg/kg body wt.) and free quercetin (10 mg and 20 mg/kg body wt.) was evaluated in oxidative stress condition in albino rats induced by carbon tetrachloride intoxication. The degree of protection of liver was estimated by evaluating status of enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase; lipid peroxidation profile in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathioneStransferase. Quercetinphospholipid complex restored the reduced enzyme levels of liver glutathione system as well as impaired levels of other enzymes which are significant with respect to carbon tetrachloride treated group (p < 0.05 and < 0.01). For all enzymes tested, the complex at different dose levels produced better effects than free quercetin at same doses. Thus the results obtained ascertain the superiority of quercetinphospholipid complex over free quercetin in terms of better free radical scavenging activity.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {84-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-66-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-66-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Khargharia, Sanjib and ChoudhuryBarua, Chandana and Mohan, Pritam and Bhattacharya, Moh}, title = {Pharmacokinetic Studies of Enrofloxacin in Yak after Intramuscular Administration}, abstract ={The pharmacokinetic studies of enrofloxacin were investigated in yak (Bos grunniens L.) after administration of enrofloxacin by intramuscular route at 5 mgkg-1 body weight. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at predetermined time intervals after drug administration. Plasma was separated and analysed for enrofloxacin by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a non-compartmental model. The elimination half-life (t), area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), area under the moment curve (AUMC), mean residence time (MRT), apparent volume of distribution (Vd), total body clearance (ClB) and apparent first-order elimination rate constant (K) of enrofloxacin were 2.790.60 h, 5.351.29 ghmL-1, 21.508.60 gh2mL-1, 4.020.87 h, 3.760.83 Lkg-1, 935.09236.45 mLh-1kg-1 and 0.250.07 h-1, respectively after the administration of enrofloxacin. Because of faster elimination time, excellent tissue penetration, shorter half-life, low MRT after intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin at a dose rate of 5 mgkg-1, it is recommended for use in yaks at therapeutic dose.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {91-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Jani, Ashutosh and Goyal, Ramesh K and Shah, Gaurang B and Mehta, Anita A}, title = {Effect of Calcium Channel Blockers on Intraocular Pressure in Rabbits}, abstract ={The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiglaucoma effect of calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil. Albino rabbits were used and chronic glaucoma was induced in them using freshly prepared 150 units of alphachymotrypsin. 0.1 mL of drug solution was administered topically into the left eye whereas the right served as control. The pressure recording was carried out at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and if required at 420 and 480 min after drug instillation. Acute glaucoma was induced using 5% glucose solution administered intravenously, through the marginal ear vein, at a dose of 15 mL/kg body weight. The Intraocular Pressure (IOP) was recorded with a Schiotz-type indentation tonometer, which was previously calibrated by an open manometric calibration procedure. Topical administration of diltiazem (1%) (37.8 0.632456 to 24.48 0.6531) and verapamil (0.125%) (38.95 1.40 to 22.85 0.43) significantly reduced the elevated IOP (>30 mmHg) in alpha chymotrypsin induced chronic glaucoma model and diltiazem (1%) and verapamil (0.125%) prevented acute rise in the intraocular pressure induced by intravenous administration of 5% glucose. Verapamil and diltiazem have IOP lowering effect and can be utilized as potential investigative antiglaucoma drugs.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {SinghRathore, Hemant and Choubey, Pooj}, title = {Prevention of Acetaminophen-Induced Mitodepression with Myrobalan (Fruit of Terminalia chebula) in Allium cepa Model}, abstract ={Allium cepa bulbs were grown in pure tap water (group I), in seven concentrations of acetaminophen (7.81, 15.62, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) in the presence (group II) and absence of myrobalan (fruit of Terminalia chebula) at a fix concentration of 0.10 mg/mL. Parameters of study were mean root length, mitotic index, abnormal mitosis and chromosomal aberrations and morphology of root. Acetaminophen at all concentrations except 1000 ppm where roots did not grow at all, significantly inhibited root growth and declined mitotic index, effect appeared concentration dependent (group II). In the presence of myrobalan (group III) acetaminophen-induced mitodepression could be checked significantly. No morphological i.e. shape and color changes, abnormal mitosis and any type of chromosomal aberrations could be detected in any group. Probable protective role of myrobalan is discussed.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {100-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-64-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-64-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Ahamed, KFH Nazeer and Kumar, Venkatesan and Raja, Sundararajan and Mukherjee, Kakali and KumarMukherjee, Pulok}, title = {Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Araucaria bidwillii Hook}, abstract ={The effect of alcoholic extracts of leaf from Araucaria bidwillii Hook. [ABH] (Family: Araucariaceae) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and inflammation. Oral administration of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of leaf extracts of ABH were used for the above study. The leaf extract at 300 and 200 mg/kg showed significant reduction in acetic acid induced writhings in mice with a maximum effect of 65.1% reduction at 300 mg/kg dose. In hot plate method the percentage of pain inhibition was found to be 81.69% and 66.1% with both the tested dose of the leaf extract respectively. The effect produced by the alcoholic extract at the highest dose was comparable to that of acetyl salicylic acid at 100 mg/kg (91.52%). The alcoholic extracts of A. bidwillii showed significant inhibition in carrageenan (18.61%, 32.12% and 45.64%) and serotonin (32.81%, 38.68% and 40.75%) induced hind paw oedema in rats at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of the ABH extract respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects showed by the extract were comparable to that of standard indomethacin 5 mg/kg (68.51% and 63.28%). The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the extracts as claimed in folklore medicine, which may be mediated via both peripheral and central mechanisms.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {105-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-62-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-62-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {SekharMisra, Debanka and Maiti, Rajkumar and Bera, Saradindu and Das, Koushik and Ghosh, Debidas}, title = {Protective Effect of Composite Extract of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum and Zingiber officinale on Swimming-Induced Reproductive Endocrine Dysfunctions in Male Rat}, abstract ={The present study has been designed to find out the effects of forced swimming-induced oxidative stress imposition on primary and secondary sex organs and its protection by plant extract in male Wistar strain rats. This work has been designed to find out the scientific basis of the local use of the composite extract of root of Withania somnifera, leaf of Ocimum sanctum and rhizome of Zingiber officinale by village Ayurvedic doctors to protect the health disorders in connection to strenuous physical exercise, and also to search out the potentiality of above mentioned plant products on swimming-induced oxidative damage. Forced intermittent swimming for 8 hours /day for 28 days resulted a significant elevation in the level of products of free radical i.e., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated dienes along with significant diminution in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathioneStransferase in testis, prostate and seminal vesicle which were protected significantly after co-administration of methanolic extract of said plant parts in composite manner. Testicular steroidogenesis was assessed in this condition by measuring plasma levels of testosterone, which was diminished significantly in swimming group and was protected significantly by the composite extract of the plants parts. The antioxidative potency of this composite extract was compared with potent and standard antioxidant i.e., vitamin-E in forced swimming state. This herbal extract has no toxic effect on metabolic organs that has denoted here by the measurement of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities in liver and kidney. The results suggest that swimming-induced oxidative stress on male sex organs may be protected by using above mentioned medicinal plants extract.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {110-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-61-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Kamalakkannan, Narasimhanaidu and Rukkumani, Rajagopalan and Aruna, Kode and Varma, Penumathsa Suresh and Viswanathan, Periyasamy and PadmanabhanMenon, Venugopal}, title = {Protective Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, abstract ={The present study determines the efficacy of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (3 mL/kg/week) administered subcutaneously to albino Wistar rats for a period of three months significantly increased the activities of marker enzymes in plasma such as aspartate transaminase, Gama-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase and increased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides in plasma and tissues (liver and kidney). A significant decrease in the levels of plasma antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) was also noted. Further, a decrease in the concentration of glutathione and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the tissues were observed. N-acetyl cysteine (150 mg/kg) was orally administered to normal and carbon tetrachloride-treated rats for a period of three months. N-acetyl cysteine decreased the activities of marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation and improved the antioxidant status in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. But there were no significant alterations in these parameters in normal rats treated with N-acetyl cysteine. Histopathological observations of the liver also showed the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The results of this study show the protective action of N-acetyl cysteine in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. This is mainly due to the effective antioxidant potential of N-acetyl cysteine.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {118-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-60-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Zand, Negin and Tajik, Nader and Hoormand, Mahmood and SalekMoghaddam, Alireza and Milanian, Iraj}, title = {Allele Frequency of CYP2C19 Gene Polymorphisms in a Healthy Iranian Population}, abstract ={Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) plays an important role in the metabolism and elimination of a wide range of medications. The polymorphisms of this enzyme give rise to substantial inter-individual and inter-ethnic variability in drug excretion rates and final serum concentrations. For this reason, therapeutic re-sponses and adverse drug reactions may vary from one person to another. In this study we determined genotypes of CYP2C19 in Iranian population to compare allele frequencies with previous findings in other ethnic groups. CYP2C19 (*1/*2/*3) allelic variants were determined in 200 unrelated healthy Iranian vol-unteers by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. Six subjects (3%) were homozygous for CYP2C19*2, while 44 individuals (22%) were heterozygous. In the remainder (75%) no CYP2C19*2 was found. In addition, no CYP2C19*3 was detected in the population studied. Based on our data, there was no difference between frequency of CYP2C19 allelic variants in our study and other evaluated Caucasians (p > 0.05).}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {124-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-58-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Jian-bo, Xiao and Feng-lian, Ren and Xu, Ming}, title = {Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity of Flavonoids from Marchantia convoluta}, abstract ={Flavonoids from Marchantia convoluta (MCF) were studied for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of 2.2.15 cells. All concentration of MCF inhibited the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in the cultured medium by 2.2.15 cells. Analysis of morphological changes of MCF-treated cells by phase-contrast microscopy revealed a possible mode of action for MCF: inhibition of proliferation of 2.2.15 cells by inducing apoptosis.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {128-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-59-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Pari, Leelavinothan and Saravanan, Ramalingam}, title = {Succinic Acid Monoethyl Ester and Metformin Regulates Carbohydrate Metabolic Enzymes and Improves Glycemic Control in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type2 Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Objective. Succnic acid mono ethyl ester (EMS) was recently proposed as an insulinotropic agent for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In the present study the effect of EMS and Metformin on the activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in streptozotocinnicotinamide induced type 2 diabeteic model was investigated. Methods. EMS were injected intraperitonially at doses 2, 4, and 8 ?mol/g body weight (bw) respectively for 30 days, after which blood hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma glucose and insulin, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in liver and glycogen in liver and muscle were assayed. Results. Glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bis phosphatase were significantly increased and insulin, hemoglobin, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycogen were significantly decreased in diabetic rats. The enzyme activities were restored to the near normal levels in diabetic rats treated with EMS and Metformin. Conclusion. Our result suggest that non glucidic nutrient-EMS may act as a potent antidiabetic and insulinotropic agent by restoring the above biochemical alterations in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {132-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-57-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-57-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Balakumar, Pitchai and Singh, Manjeet}, title = {The Possible Role of TNF-alpha in Physiological and Pathophysiological Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats}, abstract ={Pathological cardiac hypertrophy was produced by partial abdominal aortic constriction (PAAC) for 4 wk, while physiological cardiac hypertrophy was produced by chronic swimming training (CST) for 8 wk in rats. Pentoxifylline (30 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg i.p., day-1) treatment was started three days before PAAC and CST and it was continued for 4 wk in PAAC and 8 wk in CST experimental model. The left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was assessed by measuring ratio of LV weight to body weight, LV wall thickness, LV protein content and LV RNA concentration. Further venous pressure (VP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were recorded. Moreover, DNA gel electrophoresis was employed to assess the myocardial cell death. The PAAC and CST were noted to increase the ratio of LV weight to body weight, LV wall thickness, LV protein content and LV RNA concentration. Further PAAC but not CST significantly increased VP, MABP and LV necrotic cell death. Pentoxifylline, a TNF-alpha inhibitor markedly attenuated PAAC induced increase in LV hypertrophy, VP, MABP and LV necrotic cell death; but it did not modulate CST induced LV hypertrophy. These results implicate TNF-alpha in PAAC induced cell death and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. However, TNF-alpha may not be involved in CST induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {138-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-56-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-56-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Hoseinali and Shamsadini, Sadollah and SadreEshkavari, Shahriar}, title = {Frequency of Sodium Valproate-Induced Hair Loss and Curly Hair}, abstract ={Sodium valproate has been widely used by man as an antiepileptic drug. Hair loss and curly hair is a rare side effect of sodium valproate. We have conducted a prospective clinical study in the Department of Neurology in Shafa Hospital, Kerman, Iran for ten years (1994-2004). All 211 epileptic patients in our study were given sodium valproate as a single drug treatment. During the course of therapy, all patients were strictly monitored every 3 months. Six cases (3.5% of valproate user population) of hair loss and curling of hair were found between sodium valproate users. Three cases were female and three were male. This side effect observed at least 3 months after its first initial drug therapy. The estimated frequency of curly hair along with hair loss in our study is lower than previously-reported frequencies (6-12%).}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {143-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-54-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-54-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {Mehrpour, Massou}, title = {Intravenous Tramadol-Induced Seizure: Two Case Reports}, abstract ={There are a few reports of seizure induced by tramadol at therapeutic dose. Two case reports of repeated seizures with following agitation due to treatment with tramadol are presented here. Both of them have similar presentation and tramadol was injected intravenously at therapeutic doses. Tramadol prescription especially intravenously can evoke seizure with agitation or even status epilepticus. Tramadol should be cautiously prescribed especially for patients with history of epilepsy, addiction and old ages.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {146-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-55-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-55-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {KrishnaReddy, Peddyreddy Murali and Thomas, Vinod and Nartunai, Govindarajan and Sridhar, Chenchugari}, title = {Spectrum of Neuropharmacology Research and Global Contributors: A Pharmacology Journal Survey During 2002}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {148-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-52-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} } @article{ author = {RaviShankar, P and Upadhyay, Dinesh K}, title = {Book Review: Pharmacology by Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM and Moore PK. Fifth edition Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 2003}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {151-0}, publisher = {4}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-53-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-53-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2005} }