@article{ author = {Nabi, Sh. and Ara, A. and JahanRizvi, Sh.}, title = {Effect of Methylmercury on Depression like Behavior in Rats: a Study Mitigated by Exogenous Vitamins}, abstract ={Depression is a heterogenous, multifaceted disorder with symptoms manifested at the psychological, behavioral and physiological level. Therefore, present study was designed as a model to analyze the long lasting effects of methylmercury chloride in male rats with a focus on depression like behavior. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were exposed orally to a dose of 2 mg/kg of methylmercury chloride, 100 mg/kg vitamin-E and 100 mg/kg acetyl-L-carnitine alone or in combination for 14 days. The total treatment time was 28 days. On 29 th day, the animals were tested for tail suspension test and force swim test. Methylmercury-exposed rats displayed significantly longer immobility time (passive floating without limb movements) in both the tests than control animals. Vitamins significantly reduced the immobility period in rats thus offered protection against methylmercury-induced increment in depression like behavior. These findings point to early exposure to environmental contaminants as a possible risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Farzaneh, E. and Mostafazadeh, B. and Mehrpour, O.}, title = {Seizurogenic Effects of Low-dose Naloxone in Tramadol Overdose}, abstract ={Tramadol is used in treatment of moderate to severe pain. Nowadays tramadol overdose is one of the common emergencies. Naloxone is an antagonist which is used as a first step of treatment in these patients. This study was designed to evaluate the seizurogenic effects of naloxone in tramadol overdose. A number of 124 patients with the diagnosis of tramadol overdose were divided to receive low-doses of intravenous naloxone (0.8 mg, case group) or just supportive cares (control group). All patients in case and control groups were observed by a single emergency resident and fallowed for 1.5 hours to document the happening of seizures. In the naloxone group, incidence of seizure was higher than in control group. The possibility of seizure occurrence was significantly higher in naloxone group than the control group ( p <0.05). In conclusion, naloxone induced a seizurogenic effect in patients with tramadol overdose. This finding could be considered in the management of patients with tramadol overdose.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {6-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Dehghani, Farzaneh and Mashhoody, Tahereh and Panjehshahin, Mohammadrez}, title = {Effect of Aqueous Extract of Walnut Septum on Blood Glucose and Pancreatic Structure in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse}, abstract ={Walnut is a medicinal plant that its different parts such as leaf, seed, root and green husk was shown to reduce blood glucose. In Iranian traditional medicine, septum of walnut shell (SWS) was recommended to reduce blood glucose. But this effect should be determined with scientific researches. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of SWS on blood glucose and histopathological structure of pancreas. For this purpose, 41 male bulb/C mice 25-30 gm were divided into five groups. All the animals received IP injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (220 mg/kg). Two weeks later, the diabetic animals were received daily oral treatment of normal saline and aqueous extract of SWS (200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg) respectively for four weeks. Blood samples were taken from retro-orbital sinus before the start of the experiment and repeated each two week. At the end of experiment, the animals were sacrificed and the pancreatic tissues were fixed, prepared and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin for light microscope studies. The results showed that in each group, the SWS extract reduced blood glucose in long time ( p < 0.05), but this effect was not dose-dependent between groups. This study also showed that the SWS extract had not any effect on pancreatic structure. It seems that aqueous extract of SWS may reduce blood glucose without any effect on pancreatic structure. However, more investigations should be done to clarify these results.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Abbas, Muzaffar and Subhan, Fazal and Rauf, Khalid and ul-Haq, Ikram and Mohani, Syed Nadeem-ul-Hass}, title = {The Involvement of Non Opioidergic Mechanism in the Antinociceptive and Antilocomotive Activity of Bacopa monnieri}, abstract ={A hydroethanolic extract (HE-ext) of Bacopa monnieri (BM) was studied for antinociceptive effect in the animal models of acetic-acid-induced writhing test and antilocomotive effect in mice. Standard centrally-acting analgesic, morphine (MP), and peripherally-acting one, diclofenac (Diclo), were also tested along with the extract for comparison. The extract exhibited significant antinociceptive effect ( p < 0.001) in this test, not antagonized by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (NLX) in a fashion similar to diclofenac. This excluded the involvement of opioids in the mediation of antinociceptive response of Bacopa monnieri . Moreover, the BM HE-ext exhibited highly significant antilocomotive ( p < 0.0001) that was also unaffected by naloxone. These results indicate that Bacopa monnieri possesses antinociceptive and antilocomotive effect that may be mediated through non-opioidergic mechanism.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Asad, Mohammed and Srivathsa, Balakrish}, title = {Immunomodulatory Activity of Cod Liver Oil}, abstract ={The immunomodulatory activity of Cod liver oil (CLO) was evaluated by mice lethality test, carbon clearance assay, neutrophil adhesion test, cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia, indirect haemagglutination test and effect on serum immunoglobulin levels. CLO was administered orally at a dose of 0.5 g/kg or 1 g/kg body weight. In mice lethality test, low dose of CLO (0.5 g/kg, po) produced 40% decrease in the mortality ratio compared to the control suggesting an increase in specific immunity against an invading pathogen. The low dose of CLO (0.5 g/kg, po) also showed significant increase in phagocytic index in carbon clearance assay, increased serum immunoglobulin levels (ZST values) and also showed an increase in antibody titer value in indirect haemagglutination test. The high dose of CLO (1 g/kg, po) was effective only in preventing mortality by 33.3% in mice lethality test. However, both the doses of CLO did not show any significant effect on neutrophil adhesion and failed to prevent cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia. It was concluded that CLO in low dose increases humoral immunity.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {20-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-236-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-236-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Lodhi, Ram Lal and Saraf, Shubhini A. and Kaithwas, Gaurav and Saha, Sudipt}, title = {Pharmacology and Toxicology of Leflunomide}, abstract ={Leflunomide (LEF), used for rheumatoid arthritis, inhibits dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and tyrosine kinase (TK) enzymes and has anti-inflammatory, lymphocyte proliferation regulatory, immunosuppression and chondroprotective effects. The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal disorders, weight loss, hypertension, skin infection, and neurological and hematological toxicity. It also produces hepatotoxicity and teratogenic effects on long term therapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) categorized it as black box warning drug since 2010. Therefore, it is necessary to give toxicological informations to scientific communities. This review article is elaborately describes the toxicity of this drug during its long and short term therapies.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {26-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-235-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-235-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Babamahmoodi, Farhang and Eslami, Gohar and Babamahmoodi, Abdolrez}, title = {Diclofenac-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A Case Report}, abstract ={Drugs are an important cause of Stevens–Johnson syndrome(SJS) in about 95% of reports. 100 drugs have been reported as causes of SJS or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). There are very few reports of SJS due to use of diclofenac. In this report we present a 65 year old lady who developed SJS after usage of diclofenac suppository.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-233-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sathish, Rengarajan and M, Rani and Natarajan, Kumaresapillai}, title = {Study of Ulcer Protective Effect of Ipomea batatas (L.) Dietary Tuberous Roots (Sweet Potato)}, abstract ={Peptic ulcer is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorder, commonly occurs in developed countries. The present work was carried out to evaluate antiulcer effect of Ipomoea batatas (L) dietary tuberous roots. The Ethanolic extract of Ipomoea batatas (EEIB) was prepared by dynamic maceration for 7 days at room temperature using 70% ethanol (V/V). The antiulcer activity was evaluated by the Pylorus Ligation (PL) and cold restraint stress (CRS) Induced Ulcer models. Male Wister rats were divided into four groups of 3 animals each for both models and received Normal saline10ml/kg, Famotidine 20 mg/kg, EEIB at 250 & 500 mg/kg respectively. After 1 h of Standard and test treatments pyloric ligation was performed and gastric pH, total acidity, free acidity, total protein, pepsin, ulcer score and ulcer index were determined. In CRS model, drugs were administered orally 30 min prior to subjecting the animals to cold stress (2°C for 3 hours), then ulcer score and ulcer index were determined. Results were mean ± SEM (n=3) and analysed using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett test. p < 0.05 was considered significant when compared with the toxicant groups. In PL model EEIB significantly ( p < 0.01) reduced the ulcer index by 55.24% and 61.45% at 250 & 500 mg/kg doses respectively. In CRS model, both the doses of EEIB significantly ( p < 0.01) reduced ulcer index by 51.35% ( 250 mg/kg) and 75.68% ( 500 mg/kg). The Ipomoea batatas roots possess anti ulcer activity as evidenced by its significant inhibitory effects on PL and CRS induced ulcers.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-234-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-234-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rafiq, M. and Viswanatha, G. L. and MohammedAzeemuddin, M. and Suryakanth, D. A. and UdayKumar, V. K. and Patki, P. S.}, title = {Cystone, a well-known herbal formulation improves renal function in rats with acute renal failure (ARF) induced by Glycerol intoxication}, abstract ={The present study was aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of Cystone syrup in an experimental model of glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. Biochemical parameters, kidney weight and histopathological evaluation were performed to conclude the beneficial effect of Cystone syrup. Administration of single dose of 50% v/v glycerol (8ml/kg.i.m) caused severe renal dysfunction associated with significant increase in markers of renal function such as serum urea ( p <0.01), creatinine ( p <0.01), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ( p <0.01), decrease in the Creatinine clearance (Ccr) ( p <0.01) and increase in kidney weight to body weight ratio ( p <0.01) compared to control group. These changes were in accordance with the histopathological findings showing severe tubular necrosis, degeneration and moderate luminal cast formation. In contrast, pre-treatment with Cystone (5 ml/kg, p .o) for seven days, alleviated the glycerol induced renal dysfunction significantly by maintaining serum urea ( p <0.01), creatinine ( p <0.05), BUN ( p <0.01) and kidney weight to body weight ratio ( p <0.05) near to normal range, also improved the creatinine clearance ( p <0.05) compared to untreated positive control. In addition, histopathology of Cystone (5 ml/kg, p.o) treated group showed mild to moderate tubular necrosis and degeneration. Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrates the usefulness of Cystone syrup in reversing the biochemical/ structural markers of renal dysfunction observed in experimental model of renal failure in rats.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {40-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bala, Suman and Saini, Minaxi and Kamboj, Sunil and Saini, Vipi}, title = {Synthesis Of 2-[4-(Substituted Benzylidene)-5-Oxo-4,5-Dihydro-Oxazol-2-Ylmethyl]-Isoindole-1,3-Dione Derivatives as Novel Potential Antimicrobial Agents}, abstract ={In the present study, a series of new substituted oxazolone derivatives (4a-4h) were synthesized by the Erlenmeyer condensation of phthaloylglycylglycine with different aldehydes in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride. The structure of newly-synthesized compounds were evaluated by elemental analyses and spectral ( UV-Visible, IR, NMR, Mass) studies. All the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation revealed that the compound 4b, 4c, 4d, 4g and 4h showed better performance against Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the target compounds as well as for standard drugs. Physicochemical similarity of the new derivatives with standard drugs was assessed by calculating from a set of 10 physicochemical parameters using software programs. The result demonstrated the potential and usefulness of developing novel oxazolone derivatives which would be effective against resistant and pathogenic bacterial and fungal strain.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Balekar, Neelam and Jain, Dinesh Kumar and Dixit, Pankaj V. and Bhadoriya, Sandeep Singh}, title = {Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Whole Plant Extract of Malvastrum tricuspidatum in Experimental Animals}, abstract ={Malvastrum tricuspidatum is recommended in Ayurveda and Folklore Medicine for the management of gastric ulcers. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the antiulcer effect of whole plant extract of Malvastrum tricuspidatum (MTE) on ethanol (EtOH)-induced, aspirin (ASP)-induced, cold-restraint-stress (CRU) and pylorus--ligation(PL)-induced gastric ulcer models in rats. Aqueous extract (MTAE 250, 500 mg/kg) and ethanolic extract (MTEE 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were tested orally in ethanol-induced ulcer model. The ethanolic extract (MTEE 500 mg/kg) showed better ulcer protection than aqueous extract in ethanol induced ulcer model. Hence, effective dose of ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg) was further investigated in remaining models. The ethanolic extract (MTEE at the dose of 500 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the gastric lesions induced by EtOH (82.35 %), ASP (83.10 %), CRU (84.61%) and PL (75.78%), respectively. In addition MTEE showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretory volume, free acidity, total acidity and peptic activity in ulcerated rats. Also the phytochemical tests revealed presence of antiulcer phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and glycinebetaine in ethanolic extract. These results suggest that ethanolic extract (MTEE) of whole plant of Malvastrum tricuspidatum is effective against all the four experimentally induced acute gastric ulcers.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {53-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Iranmanesh, Farhad and Vakilian, Alireza and Gadari, Faranak and Sayyadi, Ahmadreza and Mehrabian, Milad and Moradi, Maryam and Raesy, Elahe}, title = {Piracetam, Rivastigmine and Their Joint Consumption Effects on MMSE Score Status in Patients with Alzheimer&#039;s Disease}, abstract ={Alzheimer&#039;s disease is considered the most common cause of dementia. At present, no definite cure is available for healing the disorders and stopping the disease progress. The aim of this study is to study the effects of piracetam, rivastigmine and their joint consumption on MMSE score status in patients with Alzheimer disease. This interventional study was carried out on 64 patients with Alzheimer&#039;s disease. They were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was treated with piracetam 800 mg daily. The second group was treated with rivastigmine 3 mg daily. The third group used a combination of both drugs; and the fourth group has taken placebo. At the beginning of the experiment and at the end of the third month, all patients underwent MMSE. The results were statistically analyzed. In this study 32 patients were male. A significant difference was found between rivastigmine group and control group ( p < 0.01) and between control group and the group who had received a combination of both drugs ( p < 0.02). In summary, the findings of this study showed that treatment with rivastigmine or combination of rivastigmine and piracetam can improve clinical symptoms in these patients, but piracetam alone has no effect in the patients.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {60-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-244-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-244-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadvand, Hass}, title = {Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Hemoglobin A1C, Serum Urea and Creatinine in Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={Coenzyme Q 10 is a natural antioxidant and free radicals scavenger. In the present study, we examined effect of coenzyme Q 10 on hemoglobin A 1C , serum urea and creatinine in alloxan-induced Type 1 diabetic rats. Thirty Sprage-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups randomly; group one as control, group two diabetic untreatment, and group three treatments with coenzyme Q 10 (15 mg/kg i.p daily), respectively . Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by alloxan injection subcutaneously. After 8 weeks, animals were anaesthetized; blood samples were collected to measure the hemoglobin A 1C , serum glucose, urea and creatinine . Coenzyme Q 10 significantly decreased hemoglobin A 1C , serum glucose, urea and creatinine . Coenzyme Q 10 exerts beneficial effects on the hemoglobin A 1C and serum glucose in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {64-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Negi, Jagmohan S and Bisht, V.K. and Bhandari, A.K. and Bisht, R. and KandariNegi, S.}, title = {Major Constituents, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Essential Oil}, abstract ={Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Zanthoxylum armatum essential oil was analyzed. A total of 3 samples (500 g/each) were collected 6:00 am; 12:00 noon; and 6:00 pm in the same day. The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation in Clevenger apparatus and their chemical compositions were determined by the GC-MS system. The eleven most abundant ingredients were bornyl acetate (16.61-22.66%), cymene (8.25-12.50%), ?-copaene (7.54-7.59%), ?-terpinene (5.33-7.66%), camphene (4.32-4.66%), limonene (2.66-4.68%), linalool (3.28-3.58%), ?-ocimene (3.24-3.36%), trans -caryophyllene (2.54-3.46%), ?-terpinolene (2.32-3.36%) and germacrene (2.02-2.85%). Antioxidant activity was examined by 2,2&#039;-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. Essential oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The IC 50 of the oil was found 27.0± 0.1 ?g/ml and that of ascorbic acid 15.0± 0.5 ?g/ml. Essential oil of Z. armatum also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. The results showed that the gram-positive bacteria are more sensitivity to the essential oil than gram negative bacteria.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {68-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sharma, Shveta and Sharma, Jagmoh}, title = {Regulation of Appetite: Role of Serotonin and Hypothalamus}, abstract ={Serotonin (5-HT), a mono-aminergic neurotransmitter is biochemically derived from tryptophan and is mainly found in gastrointestinal tract, platelets and central nervous system of animals. Serotonin (5-HT) in coordination with hypothalamus plays an important role in the CNS control of appetite, eating behavior, and energy balance and body weight. It has a special role in control of carbohydrate intake. It has been observed that reduction in serotonin level causes hyperphagia. As the result, carbohydrate intake increases and hence results in obesity. Inversely-increased level of serotonin level leads to hypophagia, as a result carbohydrate intake decreases. That is why serotonergic agonists are clinically useful in treatment of obesity. Obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30) is a risk factor for major causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, numerous cancers, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome and is linked with markedly diminished life expectancy. The energy regulation of 5-HT is mediated in part, by 5-HT receptors located in various medial hypothalamic nuclei. Along with serotonin, other hormones like insulin; leptin and corticosteron are also involved in the energy control and regulation. Though large numbers of serotonergic drug like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), such as sibutramine, or serotonin 5HT 2 c agonists are available to treat this deadly disease, these drugs are associated with large number of side effects. Thus, the increasing global prevalence of obesity has renewed interest in the serotonin-hypothalamic regulation of energy balance to find the drugs having maximum pharmacological and minimum toxicological effects. In this review article, attempts have been made to provide the detailed role of serotonin in the appetite regulation so that new targets and new sites can be created for the therapy of obesity.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Prajapati, Tejas and Patel, Nimesh and Zamani, Nasim and Mehrpour, Omi}, title = {Amitraz Poisoning; A case study}, abstract ={A m i t r a z, a n i ns e c t i c i d e /a ca ri c i de of the f o r m a m i d i n e p e st i c i d e s group, is a ? 2 a d r e n e r g i c ag on i st a nd of t he a m i d i ne c h e m i ca l f a m il y generally us e d to c o n t r ol animal e c top a r a s i t e s. Poisoning due to am i t r a z i s r a r e and characterized by c e nt r a l n e r v ous s y st e m a nd r e sp ir a to r y d e p r e ss i on, b r a d y ca r d i a , h y pot e ns i on, h y po t h e r m i a , h y p e r g l y ce m i a , n a us e a a nd v om i t i n g . Few cases of i nto x i ca t i ons in human beings due to this pesticide h a v e b ee n p ub li sh e d i n t h e li t e r a tu r e . However, a c l ea r a nd sp e c i f i c treatment p r oto c ol does not exist and this m a k es the su c ce s s f u l m a n a g ements of this poisoning (presented in the case reports) a probable us e f ul guide f or clinical p ra c t i t i on e r s i n other po i son centers. M a n a ge m e nt of a m i t r a z po i son i ng i s st il l c ons i d e r e d to b e suppo r t i v e a nd s y mpto m a t i c . We present a case of amitraz poisoning who su c ce ss f u ll y managed by supportive treatments in a 20 years old female.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {11}, Number = {2}, pages = {80-0}, publisher = {4}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.pdf}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics}, issn = {9}, eissn = {10}, year = {2012} }