2024-03-29T03:46:22+04:30 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=7&slc_lang=en&sid=1
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Recent Trends in the Management of Pulmonary Hypertension Manuru Mukhyaprana Prabhu Hasan Sreenivas Murthy Kiran Subish Palaian Sudha Vidyasagar Context. Pulmonary hypertension is a common clinical problem encountered in day-to-day practice. Drug therapy forms the backbone of management and appropriate drug selection is based upon the underlying causes. The options available are widening with availability of newer therapeutic agents and thus it becomes necessary to be updated with the recent developments. Objective. To review the existing data regarding the efficacy, tolerability and superiority of current drug options for pulmonary hypertension on the basis of the existing data and to provide an approach to manage a patient with pulmonary hypertension. Data Sources. A thorough search of the MICROMEDEX database, updated version of June 2004 was performed. The search also included the Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS), updated version of September 2003 search for relevant trials. Additional trials from MEDSCAPE were also included. A manual search of journals was also performed for indigenous studies done on the related area. Study Selection and Data Extraction. Search terms included pulmonary hypertension, newer drugs for pulmonary hypertension, secondary pulmonary hypertension and specific drug category. Studies were selected if efficacy, tolerability and superiority were reported as major outcome measures. The preference was given for the studies, which compared the superiority of drug(s) with that of other ones either with in, or different categories. Data Synthesis. Five categories of drugs were located with the exception of the miscellaneous ones. Each category had its own merits and demerits. Only prostaglandin analogs are available in the oral form and offers patient friendliness. There were no large randomized trials comparing the effects of these agents in large patient population. There were no placebo-controlled trials prior to 1999. There are few studies evaluating the long-term efficacy of the drugs mentioned so far and their effects on survival. However, these drugs appear promising. Conclusions. The current options for the drug therapy of pulmonary hypertension are increasing and the newer drugs show promising effects in the management of pulmonary hypertension. 2005 6 01 1 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-51-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Hypolipidemic Activity of Standardized Ginkgo biloba Extract, EGb 761 in Wistar Rats Arun Kumar Dubey Ahalya Devi Gopalan Kutty Ravi Pathiyil Shankar Cardiovascular diseases are becoming an increasing problem worldwide. Hypercholesterolemia has been implicated in causation of coronary heart disease. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein has been shown to be prevented by standardized Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761. Studies on the effect of Ginkgo biloba on serum lipid levels are lacking. Hence the present study was carried out to study the effect of EGb 761 on serum lipids in female wistar rats. The hypolipidemic effect was compared with a standard dose of lovastatin. The rats were divided into six groups of ten animals each. The first group was the normal control. The second group was given cholesterol (400 mg/kg) for 30 days. The third, fourth and fifth groups were given cholesterol and EGb 761 in the doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively. The sixth group was given lovastatin (7.2 mg/kg) in addition to cholesterol. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoproteins were measured on days 0, 15 and 30. Serum levels on days 15 and 30 were compared using students paired t-test (p < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in serum cholesterol in both the lovastatin and the EGb 761 treated groups. EGb 761 did not produce a significant change in serum triglyceride and high density lipoprotein levels. The animal model used had limitations and further studies are required. 2005 6 01 9 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-50-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Morus indica Linn Arul Balasubramanian Kothai Ramalingam Sureshkumar Krishnan Christina Ajm Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Morus indica Linn. was studied in wistar rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control. 2005 6 01 13 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-49-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ginkgo biloba in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Pinakini K Shankar Vasanth Kumar Namita Rao The objective of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Ginkgo biloba and to probe into its mechanism of action. Methods. Albino wistar rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes were divided into 4 groups of 10 each. Gum acacia, troglitazone 36 mg/kg, Ginkgo biloba 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, were administered to group I (control), group II (standard), group III and group IV respectively. After 10 and 15 days of drug administration fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood glutathione (GSH) and serum ceruloplasmin were estimated. Results. Ginkgo biloba in a high dose of 100 mg/kg produced a significant reduction in FBS of 31% and increase in blood GSH (57.6%) that is however much less than the fall in FBS produced by troglitazone (47%). However treatment with troglitazone and Ginkgo biloba at both doses did not alter the serum ceruloplasmin levels significantly. Conclusion. The antidiabetic activity of Ginkgo biloba may be attributed to its antioxidant activity without having a role in metal ion mediated lipid peroxidation. 2005 6 01 16 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-47-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Cholinergic Receptor Sensitivity Following Pharmacological Modulation of the Immune System Kurady Laxminarayana Bairy Rao Jyothi Vasanth Kumar K Balachandra Kumar Objective. To study the effect of immunomodulators on learning and memory and on cholinergic receptor sensitivity. Methods. Animals were initially treated for a period of 8 days with cyclosporine/levamisole/saline. They were then subjected to passive avoidance training and 48 hrs later, the retention test for the passive avoidance task was conducted. Twenty-four hours after the retention tests the animals were subjected to test for cholinergic receptor sensitivity. Oxotremorine was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.46, 1.84 or 4.61 mg/kg. Rectal temperature was recorded in all the animals before administration of oxotremorine and thereafter every 15 minutes for 120 minutes. Results. Levamisole exhibited an increased latency to enter the dark compartment as compared to the control rats during the retention test. This increased latency indicates a better retrieval of learned behavior and facilitation of learning and memory processes. On the other hand in the rats treated with cyclosporine, there is a decrease in passive avoidance retention suggesting an adverse effect on learning and memory. The administration of oxotremorine exhibited an enhanced hypothermia in levamisole treated group as compared to control group suggesting hyperactivity of the cholinergic system. On the other hand oxotremorine administration failed to produce significant hypothermia in cyclosporine treated group as compared to control suggesting hypo activity of the cholinergic system. Conclusion. Levamisole causes hyperactivity and cyclosporine causes hypo activity of central cholinergic system. Central cholinergic system hypo activity impairs and hyperactivity improves the learning and memory. 2005 6 01 20 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-48-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Antidiarrheal Evaluation of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Fruit Extracts Vrushabendra Swamy Sridhar Chandanam Sreenivasa Rao R Dhanapal V Balamuralidhar Ashoka Babu The methanolic extract of fruit of Benincasa hispida (BHFE) was evaluated for its antidiarrheal potential against several experimental models of diarrhea in rats. BHFE treated animals showed significant inhibi-tory activity against castor oil induced diarrhea and inhibited PGE2 induced enter pooling in rats. It also showed significant reduction in gastro intestinal motility following charcoal meal in rats. The result ob-tained and establishes the efficacy of BHFE as an antidiarrheal agent. 2005 6 01 24 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-46-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Anti-Clastogenic Effects of Citral Syed Imam Rabbani Kshama Devi Noor Zahra Citral is a major constituent of Cymbopogon citratus or lemongrass oil. The anti-clastogenic effect of citral (20 mg/kg) was tested against the known mutagens cyclophoshamide, mitomycin-C and nickel metal (NiCl2) in mice. Micronucleus (MN) frequency was evaluated in both bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes. The sampling was done after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of clastogen treatment. Results show that citral had significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the frequency of MN induced by the three clastogens in bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes. 2005 6 01 28 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-44-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation and Antimicrobial Activity of Mucuna Pruriens Seeds Yerra Rajeshwar Malaya Gupta Upal Kanti Mazumder The present investigation is aimed to carry out the in vitro lipid peroxidation and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens (MEMP) (Family: Fabaceae) seeds. Lipid peroxidation was monitored by the change in optical density of the prepared concentrations (10-320 g/ml) and the % inhi-bition was calculated. Ascorbate/FeSO4-induced peroxidation was inhibited by standard antioxidants such as quercetin, L-ascorbic acid and MEMP. Moreover, the % inhibition of the methanol extract increased with increase in concentration. IC50 value for the MEMP, L-ascorbic acid and quercetin for lipid peroxida-tion was found to be 217.25 g/ml, 41 g/ml and 19.75 g/ml respectively. The antimicrobial activity of MEMP was determined by disc diffusion method with various Gram positive and Gram-negative microor-ganisms. MEMP showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms ex-cept Staphylococcus aureus ML 152 and Vibrae cholera 14035. The results obtained in the present study indicate that MEMP can be a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. 2005 6 01 32 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Anti-Diabetic Activity of Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaf Extracts in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Syed Mansoor Ahmed Vrushabendra Swamy P Gopkumar R Dhanapal In view of suggested anti diabetic potential, effect of aqueous and cold extracts of Terminalia Catappa Linn (Combretaceae) leaves, on fasting blood sugar levels and serum biochemical analysis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. All the extracts of Terminalia Catappa produced a significant anti diabetic activity at dose levels of 1/5th of their lethal doses. Concurrent histological studies of the pan-creas of these animals showed regeneration by aqueous and cold extracts which were earlier necrosed by alloxan. 2005 6 01 36 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Evaluation of Aluminum Concentration in Albumin Products Prepared by Blood Fractionation Tahereh Zandieh Sodabeh Banazadeh Human Serum albumin as well as other biological products prepared by blood fractionation for clinical purposes, was found to contain different amount of aluminum in different commercially available human albumin solutions. It has been reported that interaction of chemicals with the container material can occur during plasma collection, manufacture and storage, so aluminum is introduced into albumin products. Albumin solution is produced by Cohn fractionation. These solutions were analyzed and albumin content was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, using electrothermal atomizer (Graphite Furnace) and the aluminum concentration in final products and in-process fractions in 21 batch of albumin 20% and 8 batch of albumin 5% were investigated. Also the content of aluminum was determined after 3 months storage in glass container. We found that the aluminum content in all investigated containers had remarkably reduced during the fractionation process. Only in one stage the aluminum content has been increased, and it is probably due to the filters and other chemicals which are used to adjust pH and elec-trolyte concentration. On the other hand concentration may have an important role in increasing alumi-num content in this stage. Aluminum overload may result in development of some diseases, so indicating the need to monitor aluminum level in the albumin to avoid the potential hazard. 2005 6 01 40 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-43-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Antisteroidogenic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) Whole Plant in Female Albino Mice Ovaries R Dhanapal S Kavimani V Swamy Malaya Gupta SK Basu Ethanol (90%) extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) whole plant (EEAB) was evaluated for possible antister-oidogenic activity in mature female mice ovaries. The ethanol extract at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (i.p) arrested the normal estrus cycle at dioestrus phase and significantly decreased weight of ovaries. The cholesterol and ascorbic acid content in ovaries were significantly elevated in treated mice. The extract also significantly inhibited the activity of ?5-3-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (?5-3-HSD) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), the two key enzymes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. Results of this study suggested that the ethanol extract of whole plant of Ammania baccifera (L.) acts as an antisteroidogenic agent. 2005 6 01 43 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-41-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Antitumor Activity and In Vivo Antioxidant Status of Mucuna Pruriens (Fabaceae) Seeds against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice Yerra Rajeshwar Malaya Gupta Upal Kanti Mazumder The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antitumor effect and antioxidant role of Mucuna pruriens (Family: Fabaceae) against EAC bearing Swiss albino mice. The effect of methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens (MEMP) on tumor growth and hosts survival time was studied by the following parameters: tu-mor volume, packed cell volume, viable and non-viable cell count and life span of the host. MEMP was administered at a 125 and 250mg/kg b.w. once a day for 14 days, after 24 h of tumor inoculation. Decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume, and viable cell count were observed in MEMP treated ani-mals when compared to EAC treated animals. Treatment with MEMP at a dose of 125 and 250mg/kg increased the mean survival time to 29.5 0.55 and 34 0.2 days respectively. The extract also decreased the body weight of the EAC tumor bearing mice. Hematological studies reveal that the Hb content was decreased in EAC treated mouse, whereas restoration to near normal levels was observed in extract treated animals. There was a significant decrease in RBC count and increase in WBC counts in extract treated animals when compared to EAC treated animals. The study was also extended to estimate the liver biochemical parameters such as LPO, GSH, and antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT etc. Treatment with MEMP decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results suggest that the methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds exhibits significant antitumor and antioxidant effects in EAC bearing mice. 2005 6 01 46 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-39-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil&#039;s Claw): A Possible Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agent (An Experimental Study) Mohamad Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamad Ismael Afifi Ibrahim Hamdy Younos Extract of Harpagophytum procumbens (devil&#039;s claw) has become the focus of research as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of rheumatic arthritis and pain due to its favorable side effects profile compared to synthetic alternatives. This superior safety of treatment is very valuable, especially in view of that in mandatory long duration of therapy in chronic diseases. None of NSAIDs is ideal in controlling or modifying the signs and symptoms of inflammation, particularly in the common inflammatory joint diseases. Many studies evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Harpagophytum procumbens with inconsistent and contradictory results. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Harpagophytum procumbens on both acute and chronic inflammatory processes in rats and pain responses in mice. In addition, its safety on gastric and duodenal mucosa was evaluated histopathologically. Eighty rats of both sexes weighing 150-200 g each and twenty-four mice of both sexes weighing 25-30 grams each, were used in this work. For a pharmacological study, these animals were classified for induction of the different experimental models. The acute model of inflammation includes Carrageenan-induced rat back-paw edema test. The chronic models of inflammation include Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. The analgesic model includes writhing test in mice. A biochemical study was done on the Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test group. Blood samples were taken for measuring acute phase proteins; C-reactive protein and serum albumin, and serum cortisol. Histopathological assessment of gastric and duodenal mucosa for the effect of Harpagophytum procumbens in comparison with the effect of indomethacin was done in the Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test group. In Carrageenan-induced rat back-paw edema test; Carrageenan sub-plantar injection in right back-paw in rats induced highly significant increase in paw thickness (p = 0.001). Harpagophytum procumbens pre-treatment induced highly significant reduction (p = 0.001) in right back-paw thickness, an effect similar to indomethacin. In Complete Freund&#039;s adjuvant-induced arthritis test; Freund`s adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats induced highly significant increase in paw thickness of rats (p = 0.001), significant decrease in serum cortisol (p = 0.05), highly significant decrease in serum albumin (p = 0.001) and significant increase in C-reactive protein (p = 0.05). Harpagophytum procumbens and indomethacin administration caused insignificant effects on these parameters and caused only significant reduction of paw thickness (p = 0.05). In cotton pellet-induced, granuloma test; Harpagophytum procumbens and indomethacin intra-peritoneal administration in cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats caused a reduction of inflammation manifested by marked and highly significant decrease of cotton pellet weight (p = 0.001). In Writhing test in mice, Harpagophytum procumbens and acetyl salicylic acid had an analgesic effect manifested by highly significant reduction in the number of writhing reactions (p = 0.001). The results of the histopathological study revealed the greater safety of Harpagophytum procum-bens on GIT mucosa in comparison to the more injurious effect of indomethacin as a NSAID. 2005 6 01 54 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-40-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Hepato Protective and Antioxidant Role of Berberis tinctoria lesch Leaves on Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats Kanda Samy Murugesh Veerendra Channabasappa Yeligar Bhim Charan Maiti Tapan Kumar Maity The scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used in the preparation of folk remedies has provided modern medicine with effective pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases. The methanol extract of Berberis tinctoria Lesch (Berberidaceae) leaves was investigated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects on paracetamol (750 mg/kg) induced acute liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Hepatoprotection activity was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase and serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total protein. The methanol extract of Berberis tinctoria (MEBT) at the doses of (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/Kg) produced significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin and lipid peroxidation while it significantly increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), catalyse (CAT) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) in a dose dependant manner. The effects of MEBT were comparable to that of standard drug silymarin. These results suggest that MEBT may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of some liver disorders, probably by its antioxidative effect on hepatocytes. 2005 6 01 64 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-38-en.pdf
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Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3 9 10 7 2005 4 1 Hyper Pigmentation of the Skin following Chloroquine Treatment Case Series Report Panamboor Sabitha Matti Prabha Adhikari Maria Kuruvilla In this article, we are collectively presenting case reports of 15 patients who developed pigmentary changes of the skin and mucus membrane during the course of chloroquine therapy for connective tissue disorders. These female patients developed hyper pigmentation of the skin, largely on the exposed parts of the body. The pigmentary changes varied from brownish/ grayish/ bluish-black in color, patchy or diffuse, intense or mild. The shortest time lag between onset of chloroquine therapy and development of pigmentary changes was 3 months. The patients should be informed about this cosmetically important toxic effect of chloroquine and advised to avoid direct exposure to sunlight. 2005 6 01 70 0 http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-37-en.pdf