4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Cystone, a well-known herbal formulation improves renal function in rats with acute renal failure (ARF) induced by Glycerol intoxication
40
0
EN
M.
Rafiq
N
G. L.
Viswanatha
N
M.
Mohammed Azeemuddin
N
D. A.
Suryakanth
N
V. K.
Uday Kumar
N
P. S.
Patki
N
The present study was aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of Cystone syrup in an experimental model of glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. Biochemical parameters, kidney weight and histopathological evaluation were performed to conclude the beneficial effect of Cystone syrup. Administration of single dose of 50% v/v glycerol (8ml/kg.i.m) caused severe renal dysfunction associated with significant increase in markers of renal function such as serum urea ( p <0.01), creatinine ( p <0.01), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ( p <0.01), decrease in the Creatinine clearance (Ccr) ( p <0.01) and increase in kidney weight to body weight ratio ( p <0.01) compared to control group. These changes were in accordance with the histopathological findings showing severe tubular necrosis, degeneration and moderate luminal cast formation. In contrast, pre-treatment with Cystone (5 ml/kg, p .o) for seven days, alleviated the glycerol induced renal dysfunction significantly by maintaining serum urea ( p <0.01), creatinine ( p <0.05), BUN ( p <0.01) and kidney weight to body weight ratio ( p <0.05) near to normal range, also improved the creatinine clearance ( p <0.05) compared to untreated positive control. In addition, histopathology of Cystone (5 ml/kg, p.o) treated group showed mild to moderate tubular necrosis and degeneration. Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrates the usefulness of Cystone syrup in reversing the biochemical/ structural markers of renal dysfunction observed in experimental model of renal failure in rats.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Synthesis Of 2-[4-(Substituted Benzylidene)-5-Oxo-4,5-Dihydro-Oxazol-2-Ylmethyl]-Isoindole-1,3-Dione Derivatives as Novel Potential Antimicrobial Agents
45
0
EN
Suman
Bala
N
Minaxi
Saini
N
Sunil
Kamboj
N
Vipin
Saini
N
In the present study, a series of new substituted oxazolone derivatives (4a-4h) were synthesized by the Erlenmeyer condensation of phthaloylglycylglycine with different aldehydes in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate and acetic anhydride. The structure of newly-synthesized compounds were evaluated by elemental analyses and spectral ( UV-Visible, IR, NMR, Mass) studies. All the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation revealed that the compound 4b, 4c, 4d, 4g and 4h showed better performance against Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger . The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the target compounds as well as for standard drugs. Physicochemical similarity of the new derivatives with standard drugs was assessed by calculating from a set of 10 physicochemical parameters using software programs. The result demonstrated the potential and usefulness of developing novel oxazolone derivatives which would be effective against resistant and pathogenic bacterial and fungal strain.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Whole Plant Extract of Malvastrum tricuspidatum in Experimental Animals
53
0
EN
Neelam
Balekar
N
Dinesh Kumar
Jain
N
Pankaj V.
Dixit
N
Sandeep Singh
Bhadoriya
N
Malvastrum tricuspidatum is recommended in Ayurveda and Folklore Medicine for the management of gastric ulcers. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the antiulcer effect of whole plant extract of Malvastrum tricuspidatum (MTE) on ethanol (EtOH)-induced, aspirin (ASP)-induced, cold-restraint-stress (CRU) and pylorus--ligation(PL)-induced gastric ulcer models in rats. Aqueous extract (MTAE 250, 500 mg/kg) and ethanolic extract (MTEE 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) were tested orally in ethanol-induced ulcer model. The ethanolic extract (MTEE 500 mg/kg) showed better ulcer protection than aqueous extract in ethanol induced ulcer model. Hence, effective dose of ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg) was further investigated in remaining models. The ethanolic extract (MTEE at the dose of 500 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the gastric lesions induced by EtOH (82.35 %), ASP (83.10 %), CRU (84.61%) and PL (75.78%), respectively. In addition MTEE showed concomitant attenuation of gastric secretory volume, free acidity, total acidity and peptic activity in ulcerated rats. Also the phytochemical tests revealed presence of antiulcer phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and glycinebetaine in ethanolic extract. These results suggest that ethanolic extract (MTEE) of whole plant of Malvastrum tricuspidatum is effective against all the four experimentally induced acute gastric ulcers.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Piracetam, Rivastigmine and Their Joint Consumption Effects on MMSE Score Status in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
60
0
EN
Farhad
Iranmanesh
N
Alireza
Vakilian
N
Faranak
Gadari
N
Ahmadreza
Sayyadi
N
Milad
Mehrabian
N
Maryam
Moradi
N
Elahe
Raesy
N
Alzheimer's disease is considered the most common cause of dementia. At present, no definite cure is available for healing the disorders and stopping the disease progress. The aim of this study is to study the effects of piracetam, rivastigmine and their joint consumption on MMSE score status in patients with Alzheimer disease. This interventional study was carried out on 64 patients with Alzheimer's disease. They were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was treated with piracetam 800 mg daily. The second group was treated with rivastigmine 3 mg daily. The third group used a combination of both drugs; and the fourth group has taken placebo. At the beginning of the experiment and at the end of the third month, all patients underwent MMSE. The results were statistically analyzed. In this study 32 patients were male. A significant difference was found between rivastigmine group and control group ( p < 0.01) and between control group and the group who had received a combination of both drugs ( p < 0.02). In summary, the findings of this study showed that treatment with rivastigmine or combination of rivastigmine and piracetam can improve clinical symptoms in these patients, but piracetam alone has no effect in the patients.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-244-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-244-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Hemoglobin A1C, Serum Urea and Creatinine in Alloxan-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats
64
0
EN
Hassan
Ahmadvand
N
Coenzyme Q 10 is a natural antioxidant and free radicals scavenger. In the present study, we examined effect of coenzyme Q 10 on hemoglobin A 1C , serum urea and creatinine in alloxan-induced Type 1 diabetic rats. Thirty Sprage-Dawley male rats were divided into three groups randomly; group one as control, group two diabetic untreatment, and group three treatments with coenzyme Q 10 (15 mg/kg i.p daily), respectively . Diabetes was induced in the second and third groups by alloxan injection subcutaneously. After 8 weeks, animals were anaesthetized; blood samples were collected to measure the hemoglobin A 1C , serum glucose, urea and creatinine . Coenzyme Q 10 significantly decreased hemoglobin A 1C , serum glucose, urea and creatinine . Coenzyme Q 10 exerts beneficial effects on the hemoglobin A 1C and serum glucose in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Major Constituents, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Essential Oil
68
0
EN
Jagmohan S
Negi
N
V.K.
Bisht
N
A.K.
Bhandari
N
R.
Bisht
N
S.
Kandari Negi
N
Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Zanthoxylum armatum essential oil was analyzed. A total of 3 samples (500 g/each) were collected 6:00 am; 12:00 noon; and 6:00 pm in the same day. The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation in Clevenger apparatus and their chemical compositions were determined by the GC-MS system. The eleven most abundant ingredients were bornyl acetate (16.61-22.66%), cymene (8.25-12.50%), ?-copaene (7.54-7.59%), ?-terpinene (5.33-7.66%), camphene (4.32-4.66%), limonene (2.66-4.68%), linalool (3.28-3.58%), ?-ocimene (3.24-3.36%), trans -caryophyllene (2.54-3.46%), ?-terpinolene (2.32-3.36%) and germacrene (2.02-2.85%). Antioxidant activity was examined by 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. Essential oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The IC 50 of the oil was found 27.0± 0.1 ?g/ml and that of ascorbic acid 15.0± 0.5 ?g/ml. Essential oil of Z. armatum also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. The results showed that the gram-positive bacteria are more sensitivity to the essential oil than gram negative bacteria.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Regulation of Appetite: Role of Serotonin and Hypothalamus
73
0
EN
Shveta
Sharma
N
Jagmohan
Sharma
N
Serotonin (5-HT), a mono-aminergic neurotransmitter is biochemically derived from tryptophan and is mainly found in gastrointestinal tract, platelets and central nervous system of animals. Serotonin (5-HT) in coordination with hypothalamus plays an important role in the CNS control of appetite, eating behavior, and energy balance and body weight. It has a special role in control of carbohydrate intake. It has been observed that reduction in serotonin level causes hyperphagia. As the result, carbohydrate intake increases and hence results in obesity. Inversely-increased level of serotonin level leads to hypophagia, as a result carbohydrate intake decreases. That is why serotonergic agonists are clinically useful in treatment of obesity. Obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30) is a risk factor for major causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, numerous cancers, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome and is linked with markedly diminished life expectancy. The energy regulation of 5-HT is mediated in part, by 5-HT receptors located in various medial hypothalamic nuclei. Along with serotonin, other hormones like insulin; leptin and corticosteron are also involved in the energy control and regulation. Though large numbers of serotonergic drug like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), such as sibutramine, or serotonin 5HT 2 c agonists are available to treat this deadly disease, these drugs are associated with large number of side effects. Thus, the increasing global prevalence of obesity has renewed interest in the serotonin-hypothalamic regulation of energy balance to find the drugs having maximum pharmacological and minimum toxicological effects. In this review article, attempts have been made to provide the detailed role of serotonin in the appetite regulation so that new targets and new sites can be created for the therapy of obesity.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.pdf
4
Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
9
10
11
2
2012
12
1
Amitraz Poisoning; A case study
80
0
EN
Tejas
Prajapati
N
Nimesh
Patel
N
Nasim
Zamani
N
Omid
Mehrpour
N
A m i t r a z, a n i ns e c t i c i d e /a ca ri c i de of the f o r m a m i d i n e p e st i c i d e s group, is a ? 2 a d r e n e r g i c ag on i st a nd of t he a m i d i ne c h e m i ca l f a m il y generally us e d to c o n t r ol animal e c top a r a s i t e s. Poisoning due to am i t r a z i s r a r e and characterized by c e nt r a l n e r v ous s y st e m a nd r e sp ir a to r y d e p r e ss i on, b r a d y ca r d i a , h y pot e ns i on, h y po t h e r m i a , h y p e r g l y ce m i a , n a us e a a nd v om i t i n g . Few cases of i nto x i ca t i ons in human beings due to this pesticide h a v e b ee n p ub li sh e d i n t h e li t e r a tu r e . However, a c l ea r a nd sp e c i f i c treatment p r oto c ol does not exist and this m a k es the su c ce s s f u l m a n a g ements of this poisoning (presented in the case reports) a probable us e f ul guide f or clinical p ra c t i t i on e r s i n other po i son centers. M a n a ge m e nt of a m i t r a z po i son i ng i s st il l c ons i d e r e d to b e suppo r t i v e a nd s y mpto m a t i c . We present a case of amitraz poisoning who su c ce ss f u ll y managed by supportive treatments in a 20 years old female.
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.html
http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.pdf